Section
| HS Code | 924297 |
| Product Name | XP-65 |
| Product Type | General Polyether-Modified Silicone Defoamer |
| Alternative To | DC-65 |
| Appearance | light yellow transparent liquid |
| Active Content | 100% |
| Viscosity At 25c | 500-1500 mPa·s |
| Density At 25c | 1.00-1.05 g/cm³ |
| Ph 1 Percent Water Dispersion | 6.0-8.0 |
| Water Dispersibility | self-emulsifying, readily dispersible in water |
| Cloud Point | 40-50°C |
| Defoaming Performance | rapid foam knockdown |
| Foam Suppression | long-lasting foam inhibition |
| Heat Stability | stable up to 200°C |
| Shear Stability | resistant to high shear conditions |
| Compatibility | compatible with anionic, nonionic, and cationic systems |
| Solubility | soluble in aliphatic and aromatic solvents |
As an accredited XP-65 General Polyether-Modified Silicone Defoamer–DC-65 Alternative factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Available in 25 kg sealed pails, XP-65 polyether-modified silicone defoamer is packaged for safe handling and stable storage. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: one full container load of XP-65 defoamer, typically packed in drums or IBCs, maximizing shipping efficiency. |
| Shipping | XP-65 ships as a non-hazardous liquid in secure drums or totes. Ensure containers are sealed upright, kept away from extreme heat/freezing, and protected from moisture. Standard ground freight available; use leak-proof packaging and proper labeling. Allow adequate transit time for bulk quantities. |
| Storage | Store XP-65 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and ignition. Keep the container tightly sealed to prevent moisture contamination or evaporation. Recommended storage temperature is 5–35°C. Avoid freezing. Under proper conditions, shelf life is typically 12 months from manufacture date. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 12 months when stored sealed in original container at room temperature, protected from freezing and direct sunlight. |
In low-VOC architectural latex formulations where coalescent demand is reduced by acrylic or vinyl acrylic binders, microfoam introduced during high-shear pigment dispersion remains problematic through letdown because the same binder dispersants that stabilize titanium dioxide and extender pigments also stabilize sub-50 µm air bubbles. A general polyether-modified silicone defoamer of the DC-65 alternative class is added in split charges at 0.10–0.25 wt% during the Cowles grind phase and at 0.20–0.40 wt% of total formula during the lower-shear letdown under a paddle agitator running at 300–600 rpm. The grind is typically processed for 15–25 min at a blade tip speed of 18–25 m/s with a final Hegman gauge reading of 5–7. The defoamer’s polyether chains provide partial water solubility, while the silicone backbone disrupts the surfactant-stabilized bubble film at the air–liquid interface. Foam control under production conditions is assessed by ASTM D3519 blender foam testing at 25 °C and, where hot tinting is used, at 50 °C; a stable bottle density checked by ISO 2811-1 after 24 hr can indicate no delayed microfoam. The terminal semi-gloss or flat wall and ceiling coating must pass ASTM D2486 scrub tests and ASTM D3359 crosshatch adhesion. The formulation is developed to comply with Directive 2004/42/EC limits for the relevant architectural coating subcategory. Over-addition above 0.7 wt% of total formula creates a risk of cratering, silicone specking, and visible surface defects under ASTM D523 20° gloss measurement. Formulators should pre-dilute the defoamer in a 1:5 water or coalescent mixture before addition, because neat addition into high-pH associative thickener solutions can produce localized incompatibility and film discontinuity.
Because water-reducible alkyd systems applied by airless spray at 10–15 MPa fluid pressure with 0.28–0.43 mm tip orifices are flash-dried at 60–80 °C and wet film thicknesses of 45–70 µm, air bubbles entrained during pump suction and tip atomization do not readily escape before surface skinning begins. The defoamer is incorporated at 0.3–0.8 wt% on total liquid coating weight during the final letdown phase after neutralization to pH 8.0–8.8, because early addition during resin cook can be hydrolyzed by residual acid. Process control includes a 15 min stirring period at 500–800 rpm in a closed dissolver to avoid volatile-amine loss. Bubble release in the wet film is evaluated visually on sprayed panels under ASTM D4400 sag resistance testing or by cross-sectioning after flash-off; published data for this specific configuration is limited because defoamer retention under high-pressure airless atomization depends on orifice shear history. The terminal topcoat for light industrial metal cabinets and machine enclosures must pass ISO 1519 cylindrical bend and ASTM D2794 impact tests after 7 d ambient cure. Compliance is set by Directive 2004/42/EC Phase B limits for water-based industrial coatings. Over-addition above 1.0 wt% can reduce intercoat adhesion with the waterborne primer, particularly when applied over 24 hr old flash-rusted steel washed without thorough removal of ferrous salts.
Water-based flexographic printing inks with viscosity adjusted to 18–25 s on a DIN 4 mm flow cup and pH 8.9–9.4 generate foam in the enclosed doctor-blade chamber at press speeds above 180 m/min because the continuous circulation pump shears the acrylic emulsion vehicle and returns aerated ink into the anilox chamber. The polyether-modified silicone defoamer is added at 0.10–0.35 wt% by total liquid ink weight after grinding and before final viscosity adjustment, using a 5 min low-shear propeller agitation at 200–400 rpm. Care is required with ceramic anilox rolls of 400–800 LPI cell counts: defoamer droplets larger than 20 µm can lodge in anilox cells and produce skip-dot defects in the printed solid. Foam control is evaluated on-press by checking ink density and print mottle on bleached corrugated board against ISO 12647-6 flexographic process control targets, while laboratory screening uses the ASTM D3519 blender foam test at 25 °C. Compliance with REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 and, for printed food-contact packaging, FDA 21 CFR 175.300 requires absence of unreacted cyclic siloxane migration above applicable thresholds. The terminal printed package or label must maintain G7 gray balance targets within ΔE ≤ 2.0 across the run. Over-addition beyond 0.6 wt% is avoided because it can raise the ink’s dynamic surface tension and cause pinholes when the ink transfers to polyethylene film.
Metalworking fluid emulsion concentrates manufactured in 2000–5000 L batch vessels with high-shear rotor-stator mixers require defoamer addition after the emulsifier and extreme-pressure additive package has been pre-neutralized. In this application, the DC-65 alternative chemistry is charged at 0.05–0.20 wt% of the concentrate, which after 5–10 vol% tap-water dilution yields an in-use foam profile evaluated by ASTM D892 at 24 °C and 93.5 °C. The concentrate is circulated through a 10–15 bar homogenizer or high-shear mixer with a rotor tip speed of 9–15 m/s to disperse the silicone-polyether droplet below 10 µm, which minimizes filter plugging in central systems with 25–50 µm bag filters. The terminal cutting, drilling, and grinding operations require the working emulsion to remain low-foam at sump pH 9.0–9.5, water hardness 150–400 ppm CaCO₃, and tramp oil contamination up to 5%. Compliance for the concentrate is managed through REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 registration and hazard classification under EC Regulation No 1272/2008. A field failure mode observed in central coolant systems is that under-dosing below 0.03 wt% of concentrate leads to persistent foam blankets on high-pressure through-tool coolant delivery, while over-dosing above 0.3 wt% can interact with quaternary ammonium biocide packages and produce deposit formation on machine viewing windows. Published data for this specific combination of hard-water salts and amine-borate corrosion inhibitors is limited; therefore the concentrate is tested through a 72 hr recirculating foam rig before full production release.
In municipal or food-processing activated sludge basins aerated with fine-bubble diffusers at oxygen transfer rates of 1.0–2.0 kg O₂/kWh and mixed liquor suspended solids of 2500–4500 mg/L, surface foam from extracellular polymeric substances and filamentous organisms can persist despite cationic polymer addition. The silicone-polyether defoamer is dosed into the mixed liquor at 1–5 ppm by basin volume using a low-pressure metering pump into the return activated sludge channel, not directly into the aeration grid, because localized high concentration can temporarily suppress oxygen transfer by reducing bubble surface tension and increasing coalescence. Treatment is monitored by Standard Methods 2710 foam tests and dissolved oxygen probes installed at 0.5 m and 1.5 m below the water surface. The terminal discharge is regulated under EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC or an equivalent local permit, requiring effluent suspended solids below 35 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand below 125 mg/L after secondary clarification; the defoamer leaves the system through waste activated sludge. Over-dosing beyond 10 ppm in a single slug is avoided because it can reduce the gas-liquid interfacial area available for microbiological respiration and may lower dissolved oxygen below the 1.0 mg/L threshold for nitrification in the aerobic zone. Published dose-response data for this specific configuration is limited because foam severity varies with sludge age and surfactant load.
Polyester jet dyeing at 130–135 °C and cotton-reactive jet dyeing at 60–95 °C generate dispersed air through the high-speed circulation pump and venturi nozzle; if not controlled, that air lowers liquor pump efficiency and causes fabric rope folds to float and entangle. The polyether-modified silicone defoamer is added at 0.1–0.3 g/L of dyebath volume after the dye and leveling agent have been fully dissolved and after the bath is heated to 40–50 °C; addition at cold bath temperature before dye dissolution can lead to uneven adsorption on the fabric surface. The machine liquor ratio ranges from 1:5 to 1:12, and the defoamer must survive continuous exposure to 130 °C for 30–45 min in disperse dyeing without breaking into silicone deposits. Production-scale verification includes inspection of the unloading platform for fabric surface spots under ISO 105-C06 wash-fastness testing and a 10-cycle dyeing trial using the same machine fill to assess batch-to-batch variation. The terminal dyed woven or knit fabric intended for direct skin contact is screened against OEKO-TEX Standard 100, and must retain ISO 105-C06 color-fastness ratings of at least 4 for medium shades. Field experience shows that residual defoamer above 0.5 g/L can contribute to softener incompatibility in the final rinse, producing hydrophilicity loss measured by AATCC 79 wetting time. Published data for silicone deposition on nylon-elastane blends under high-temperature jet conditions is limited; mill trials are therefore required for elastomeric fabrics because silicone residues can affect heat-setting.
Waterborne pressure-sensitive adhesive coatings applied by slot-die or comma-bar coaters at line speeds of 50–200 m/min with dry coat weights of 18–25 g/m² demand defoamer addition at the lowest effective dose because adhesive clarity and peel performance are sensitive to silicone surface migration. The XP-65 type polyether-modified silicone defoamer is incorporated at 0.05–0.20 wt% of wet adhesive mass during the final letdown, after the tackifier dispersion has been mixed under a high-torque anchor agitator at 200–400 rpm for 30 min. Foam in the coating pan is removed not by over-dosing but by maintaining a flooded die gap and a recirculation loop with a bubble trap, because over-addition above 0.25 wt% in waterborne acrylic PSA films reduces 180° peel adhesion on stainless steel under ASTM D903 and loop tack under ASTM D6195. The terminal tape or label stock is dried through 80–120 °C forced-air ovens with residual moisture below 0.5% and slit on rotary knives. Compliance for food-contact packaging adhesive uses FDA 21 CFR 175.105 coverage where indirect contact is intended. In this segment, the compatibility boundary is stricter than in coatings because the defoamer migrates to the adhesive-air interface and can form a low-energy layer that interferes with wetting of polyethylene or corrugated substrates. Laboratory screening uses ASTM D3519 foam decay after 5 min and a cast film clarity test under ASTM D1003, but published data for adhesive-specific surface energy reduction is limited.
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XP-65 General Polyether-Modified Silicone Defoamer is supplied under the model designation XP-65 and is formulated as a formulator-compatible alternative to DC-65-type silicone defoamer additives. The material is classified as a nonionic, water-dilutable liquid with a typical active content of 100 wt% and is intended for post-add application in aqueous coatings, printing inks, adhesives, and latex processing operations. The polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane structure introduces ethylene oxide and propylene oxide segments onto a siloxane backbone; the resulting amphiphilic character permits foam-lamella entry while limiting the persistent incompatibility observed with unmodified dimethyl silicone fluids. Typical batch release properties include a Brookfield viscosity of 400–800 mPa·s at 25 °C when measured with spindle 3 at 20 rpm, density of 0.99–1.01 g/cm³ at 25 °C by ASTM D1475-13, and non-volatile content above 98.5 wt% by ASTM D2369-20. The product is supplied in 25 kg pails and 200 kg drums. Lot-specific certificates of analysis cite the above test designations.
As a delivery form, XP-65 is supplied as a 100% active silicone-based compound rather than an emulsion concentrate. This distinction influences storage, incorporation, and drop-in replacement strategy when transitioning from DC-65. Emulsion concentrates may require biocide protection and freeze-thaw stabilization, whereas XP-65 should be protected from moisture and stored at 5–35 °C in sealed original containers. Under low-shear agitation, the product disperses in water to yield a milky emulsion; phase separation can occur on standing, and brief mixing is required before use. Because no mineral oil or alkylbenzene diluent is used, the material contributes no solvent demand under U.S. EPA Method 24 when evaluated at typical addition levels.
Defoaming in waterborne coatings is governed by the balance between bridging, spreading, and dewetting of foam lamellae. A silicone-active defoamer must enter the foam film, displace surfactant, and create a locally thinned region that ruptures. Unmodified dimethyl silicone fluids exhibit low surface tension near 21 mN/m but limited solubility in aqueous surfactant phases; they may accumulate at the air/liquid interface and cause surface defects. The incorporation of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide segments in XP-65 raises cloud point and provides a controlled amphiphilic character, permitting the defoamer to be carried into surfactant-stabilized foam without forming macroscopic oil lenses. The practical consequence is a broader processing window in high-gloss and semi-gloss systems where film appearance is sensitive to defoamer incompatibility.
In a high-speed disperser operating at 5 m/s tip speed with a 40 mm cowles blade, addition of 0.1 wt% XP-65 during grind phase suppressed foam build-up while maintaining a Hegman grind gauge reading of 7 after 20 min for a titanium dioxide dispersion based on a styrene-acrylic dispersant. Where microfoam persists after letdown, a split addition is employed: 50% of the total defoamer amount is added during grind phase and 50% during the final 5–10 min of letdown mixing under a paddle impeller at 300–500 rpm. The total use level for architectural coatings is typically 0.1–0.5 wt% based on formulation weight. Lower levels may be sufficient for low-surfactant systems, while higher levels may be required in high-surfactant emulsion paints, although exceeding 0.7 wt% can reduce intercoat adhesion in some waterborne alkyd formulations. Published data for this specific configuration is limited.
The table below lists batch release specifications and the corresponding test method designations used for routine quality control.
| Property | Test method designation | Typical value or range | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-volatile content | ASTM D2369-20 | 98.5–100 | wt% |
| Brookfield viscosity at 25 °C, spindle 3, 20 rpm | ASTM D2196-20 | 400–800 | mPa·s |
| Density at 25 °C | ASTM D1475-13 | 0.99–1.01 | g/cm³ |
| pH of 5% aqueous dispersion | ASTM E70-19 | 6.0–8.0 | — |
| Flash point, Pensky-Martens closed cup | ASTM D93-20 | >100 | °C |
| VOC content as supplied | U.S. EPA Method 24 | <1.0 | wt% |
Relative to DC-65, the most significant differences lie in active-material chemistry and delivery form. DC-65 is commonly described as a water-dilutable silicone defoamer or antifoam; XP-65 uses a polyether-modified silicone backbone that provides a broader compatibility window in waterborne coatings. Unlike conventional polydimethylsiloxane defoamers, XP-65 does not rely on mineral oil or hydrophobic silica thickening to achieve foam knockdown, and it is not supplied as a pre-emulsified waterborne concentrate. The product may therefore be considered where a formulator requires a low-VOC, nonionic silicone active with reduced cratering potential. However, XP-65 is not a direct drop-in replacement in every formulation; side-by-side evaluation under the intended high-shear application conditions is required to establish equivalence for specific resin and surfactant combinations.
Water-reducible alkyd coatings present a specific defoaming environment because coalescing solvent and neutralizer can alter the partition of the active silicone phase during drying. In a dip-coating operation using a water-reducible alkyd primer at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity, an addition level of 0.15 wt% XP-65 eliminated visible craters in a 40 µm dry film without altering gloss measured at 60° geometry by ASTM D523-14. Products containing higher levels of unmodified dimethyl silicone fluid showed gloss reduction of 2–4 units in the same test configuration. Published data for this specific configuration is limited.
Aqueous flexographic and gravure printing inks require foam control that does not interfere with resolubility on the printing plate. The defoamer is introduced during letdown after final pigment dispersion at 0.05–0.2 wt% relative to total ink weight. In a flexographic ink based on an acrylic emulsion vehicle and run on an anilox roll with 200 L/cm screen count, the defoamer was added 20 min before press start under slow paddle mixing. Foam-related pinhole defects were reduced after the defoamer was fully dispersed. Direct addition to the press fountain without pre-dilution is not recommended because localized high concentration can produce plate separation defects. The material should be diluted 1:10 in water and mixed for at least 5 min before injection into the fountain recirculation line.
Where waterborne pressure-sensitive adhesives are coated at high speed, entrained air becomes visible as pinholes or streaking in the wet film. XP-65 may be used as a kettle-side defoamer at 0.05–0.2 wt% based on wet adhesive weight, added after final thickener adjustment. Because the material is nonionic, it has limited effect on carboxylated acrylic rheology modifiers under high-shear coating conditions. In a comma coater running at 30 m/min line speed with a 60 µm wet adhesive deposit, air bubbles visible in the coated film were reduced when the defoamer was added 15 min before coating under low-shear paddle agitation. The product should not be used as the sole defoamer in polyvinyl alcohol-stabilized emulsion systems where silica-free chemistry is required; compatibility screening is necessary due to varying surfactant packages.
During semi-batch emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate-ethylene latices at 80 °C, residual monomer stripping is conducted at 60–70 °C under 0.35–0.50 bar absolute pressure. The vacuum-stripping step generates a high-surface-area foam front that can enter overhead condensers, reduce vacuum efficiency, and contaminate condensate return lines. XP-65 can be introduced before steam stripping at 0.05–0.2 wt% based on reactor charge, diluted 1:10 in deionized water. The addition is made under agitation in a 10 m³ glass-lined reactor equipped with a retreat-blade impeller operating at 60 rpm. At the 0.1 wt% addition level, foam carryover into the overhead line was controlled during a 4 h stripping cycle without observable deposition on reactor walls. The polyether-modified silicone assists in foam-lamella rupture while maintaining lower reactor-wall affinity than high-viscosity silicone antifoam compounds. Published data for this specific configuration is limited, and the product should be evaluated for latex stability before full-scale use.
Although XP-65 is nonionic, its defoaming activity may be suppressed in cationic emulsion systems containing high concentrations of quaternary ammonium surfactants or cationic polyelectrolytes. In amine-neutralized acrylic dispersions, the polyether segments can interact with ammonia or 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, shifting cloud point and altering defoaming selectivity. The defoamer should not be pre-mixed with strong oxidizing agents, hypochlorite-based biocides, or concentrated mineral acids because siloxane backbone cleavage may occur during extended contact. Storage below 5 °C may produce a viscosity increase; the material should be homogenized at 20–25 °C for 20 min before use. If containers are left open at relative humidity above 60%, moisture uptake can accelerate hydrolysis of the silicone-active component. The product should be used within 24 months of manufacture when stored in unopened containers at 5–35 °C.
Indirect food-contact applications require confirmation of component suitability under 21 CFR 175.300 and 21 CFR 176.170 where applicable. XP-65 is not sold as a direct food additive. RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU does not directly apply to liquid processing aids used in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment; however, the material contains no intentionally added lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, PBB, or PBDE above the maximum concentration values defined in the directive. REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 requires downstream users to consult the safety data sheet for exposure scenarios and risk management measures.
