Section
| HS Code | 816319 |
| Property 1 | Product Name: BYK-016 Mineral Oil Defoamer for Waterborne VOC-Free Adhesives |
| Property 2 | Chemical Composition: Mineral oil-based defoamer blend, typically containing mineral oil and hydrophobic particles |
| Property 3 | Physical Form: Liquid |
| Property 4 | Appearance: Cloudy, slightly yellowish liquid |
| Property 5 | Non-Volatile Content: Approximately 100% |
| Property 6 | Density at 20°C: Approximately 0.88 g/cm³ |
| Property 7 | Viscosity at 20°C: Approximately 400–700 mPa·s |
| Property 8 | Flash Point: Above 100°C |
| Property 9 | Water Solubility: Insoluble in water; dispersible in aqueous adhesive systems |
| Property 10 | VOC Content: 0 g/L; VOC-free |
| Property 11 | Chemical Type: Mineral oil defoamer without co-solvents |
| Property 12 | Shelf Life: At least 24 months if stored unopened in original containers |
As an accredited BYK-016 Mineral Oil Defoamer for Waterborne VOC-Free Adhesives factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | BYK-016 Mineral Oil Defoamer for Waterborne VOC-Free Adhesives is supplied in 25 kg drums as a ready-to-use liquid. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | BYK-016 defoamer loaded in 20′ FCL as full container, with drums/IBCs on pallets, secured for safe transport. |
| Shipping | BYK-016 ships in sealed, UN-approved containers, clearly labeled for industrial use. Keep upright, protected from extreme temperatures and moisture. Standard ground freight is typical; no special hazmat designation applies in non-bulk packaging. Ensure adequate ventilation and secure loading to prevent leakage during transit. |
| Storage | Store BYK-016 in original, tightly closed containers in a cool, dry place (5–40°C), away from direct sunlight and frost. Avoid extreme heat. If slight freezing occurs during transport or storage, thaw slowly and mix thoroughly before use. When stored properly under these conditions, the shelf life is at least 15 months from production. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 24 months from manufacture when stored unopened in original containers at recommended, moderate temperatures. |
PVAc D3 wood adhesive processing starts with high-speed filler dispersion under a Cowles blade operating at 12–18 m/s tip speed, which entrains air into a polyvinyl alcohol-protected emulsion at pH 4.5–6.0. Air compression in the adhesive can reduce gap-filling and cause pinholes in the dried glue line. BYK-016, a mineral oil defoamer containing hydrophobic solid particles, is introduced after filler letdown and after the emulsion has been adjusted to final solids; the supplier TDS indicates a total addition range of 0.1–0.5 wt% for aqueous systems, but PVAc D3 production trials typically operate at 0.2–0.4 wt% based on the wet formulated adhesive. The defoamer should be incorporated with a paddle agitator at 300–500 rpm for 10–15 min rather than under Cowles shear, because high shear emulsifies the mineral oil into droplets below 10 µm and shortens storage defoaming performance. In a typical 1000 kg batch, BYK-016 is pre-weighed and added through a side-port funnel just before the final viscosity adjustment. The terminal adhesive is used for finger-jointing and edge gluing of softwood and hardwood, where EN 204:2016 D3 water resistance classification is required. Viscosity stability is measured per ISO 2555:2018, tensile shear strength per ISO 4587:2003, and wet tack by a laboratory roller lift test on conditioned beech strips. Dosing above 0.4 wt% causes a measurable drop in wet tack and visible surface oil after 24 h storage; dosing below 0.1 wt% leaves macrofoam in the drum after the same storage period.
Slot-die application of carboxylated acrylic emulsion pressure-sensitive adhesives does not tolerate microfoam because bubbles that reach the coating lip create streaks and coat-weight variation on the release liner. BYK-016 is metered into the recirculation line between bag filtration and the slot-die manifold with a progressive cavity pump; the starting dosage is 0.25–0.45 wt% of the wet PSA solids. If the defoamer is injected upstream of the bag filter, the hydrophobic solids are retained by the filter and the mineral oil phase is partially homogenised, reducing knockdown in the coating pan. The formulation pH is usually 7.5–8.5, and the presence of carboxylated acrylic surfactants stabilises foam lamellae unless the defoamer droplet size remains above approximately 20 µm at the point of contact. Coating speed is typically 50–300 m/min and dry coat weight 18–25 g/m²; crater defects are rejected when a droplet above 50 µm passes the slot-die lip. The dried PSA is converted into label stock and splicing tapes. Peel adhesion is tested per ASTM D3330/D3330M-04, loop tack per ASTM D6195-03, and shear adhesion under a 1 kg static load per ASTM D3654/D3654M-06 if high-temperature splicing is required. Food-contact label constructions must comply with FDA 21 CFR 175.105 for indirect food additives. At BYK-016 addition above 0.5 wt%, mineral oil migration can plasticise the PSA matrix and reduce peel retention after 7 days at 40 °C; published data for long-term loop tack retention in this specific configuration is limited.
When a solvent-free polyurethane dispersion is diluted with water to the working viscosity for gravure cylinder application, foam hold-up in the enclosed doctor chamber produces skip coating and variable dry bond weight. BYK-016 is added to the working dilution at 0.1–0.25 wt% of the diluted adhesive. The defoamer is pre-mixed with the dilution water under low-shear agitation before the concentrated PUD is introduced; direct addition to the concentrate at 40 wt% solids can cause localised oil separation and fisheyes in the dried laminate. Gravure cylinders with line screens from 120 to 180 lines/cm and cell volumes from 8 to 14 cm³/m² require air-free wetting of the chrome surface, and surface tension of the diluted adhesive should be maintained at 32–38 mN/m per DIN EN 14370:2004. Typical constructions include PET/aluminium/PE and PET/CPP for snack packaging and pharmaceutical blister lidding. Bond strength is measured per ASTM D1876-08 T-peel on 15 mm wide strips after 24 h conditioning at 23 °C and 50% RH. The adhesive system must be covered by a declaration of compliance under Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 and its amendments when the laminate is sold into the EU for food contact. Because BYK-016 is mineral oil based, the converter must confirm that the selected defoamer grade is listed in the adhesive manufacturer’s food-contact declaration for the specific laminate layer; not all mineral oil defoamers are acceptable for high-fat food packaging at the same use level.
High-filled vinyl acetate-ethylene flooring adhesive has been observed on production lines to fail in two opposing modes. If BYK-016 is added at 0.2 wt% before the final vacuum deaeration phase, paste density stabilises but the adhesive can crater on non-porous substrates because the defoamer is not fully incorporated. If the same dose is post-added after vacuum treatment, residual microfoam reappears in the trowel ridge. A split addition is therefore used: 60% of the total dose is added to the liquid phase before filler incorporation, and the remaining 40% is post-added after the batch has cooled to 40 °C. Total BYK-016 usage for VAE flooring adhesive is 0.2–0.5 wt% of the formulation. The formulation includes a protective colloid, a cellulose ether thickener, and an alcohol ester coalescent; typical pH is 8.0–9.0 and filler loading is 60–70 wt% calcium carbonate. Rotational viscosity is measured per ASTM D2196-20 using a Brookfield RV spindle 6 at 20 rpm and 25 °C; density is checked per ISO 1675:2022. Overdosing above 0.5 wt% produces a measurable drop in wet tack and a surface oil film on the adhesive bed after 24 h. The finished adhesive is used for vinyl tile and plank installation with a notched trowel; open time must remain within 20–30 min, and BYK-016 at the high end of the range shortens open time by accelerating surface skin formation on low-porosity substrates.
| Adhesive chemistry | Standard or regulation | Measured property | BYK-016 constraint |
|---|---|---|---|
| PVAc D3 wood adhesive | EN 204:2016 D3, ISO 4587:2003 | Water resistance classification, tensile lap-shear strength | Revalidate shear strength above 0.4 wt% |
| Acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive | ASTM D3330/D3330M-04, FDA 21 CFR 175.105 | Peel adhesion, indirect food-contact status | Confirm migration at >0.5 wt% |
| PUD laminating adhesive | ASTM D1876-08, Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 | T-peel bond, food-contact declaration | Verify mineral oil listing in EU declaration |
| VAE flooring adhesive | ASTM D2196-20, ISO 1675:2022 | Rotational viscosity, density | Use split addition if total dose >0.5 wt% |
Air removal in starch/dextrin corrugating adhesives is controlled at the secondary mixing tank rather than at the corrugator, because the finished adhesive must remain pumpable through narrow rider-roll gaps without cavitation. BYK-016 is added at 0.05–0.15 wt% based on total cooked starch weight after the carrier starch has been fully gelatinised and cooled to 60 °C. These systems are strongly alkaline with pH 9–11 and contain borax; the defoamer should not be pre-diluted with hard water above 300 ppm CaCO₃ because the hydrophobic solids can flocculate and plug the transfer line. The terminal product is a corrugated board bonding adhesive applied by rider rolls at line speeds of 150–300 m/min. Viscosity stability is checked per ISO 2555:2018, and pin adhesion on corrugated board is measured per TAPPI T 821 om-21. Because starch adhesives are low-cost and high-volume, the maximum addition is limited to 0.15 wt%; above that level the reduction in wet tack causes skip bonding on lightweight liners.
Waterborne polychloroprene contact adhesives for foam-to-fabric lamination are spray-applied at wet film thicknesses above 150 µm, where microfoam created by airless spray equipment causes pinholes and local bond failure. BYK-016 is added at 0.1–0.3 wt% of the formulated adhesive, but the addition point must be after the zinc oxide dispersion has been incorporated. Zinc oxide particles in these systems act as acid scavengers and crosslinking aids; if the defoamer is added ahead of the zinc oxide, the mineral oil can coat the metal oxide surface and delay tack development. The typical pH is 9.0–10.5, and the formulation contains rosin acid esters, anionic stabilisers, and a small amount of antioxidant. Application through a 1.3–1.8 mm nozzle at air pressures of 0.3–0.5 MPa requires a foam-free adhesive at the gun inlet, but shear in the nozzle can regenerate microfoam if the defoamer is overdosed above 0.3 wt%. Drying is by forced air at 60–80 °C for 2–5 min, followed by nip lamination. The terminal product is a furniture foam composite used in seating and headboards. Peel adhesion is measured per ISO 11339:2022; heat resistance of the bond is checked by a static load test at 60 °C for 24 h. Because the mineral oil in BYK-016 can migrate to the bond line, the dosage should not exceed 0.3 wt% when the finished article is specified for high-temperature exposure.
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Entrained air in a waterborne VOC-free acrylic laminating adhesive is not solely a mixing anomaly; it becomes a coating defect variable when a 100 µm slot-die gap is combined with a line speed above 12 m/min. In production-scale runs using a 45 mm Cowles disperser at 1,500 rpm, the surfactant package that maintains polymer dispersion stability reduces dynamic surface tension and simultaneously stabilises foam lamellae, producing a froth layer that collapses slowly after the batch reaches room-temperature letdown. BYK-016 Mineral Oil Defoamer for Waterborne VOC-Free Adhesives is introduced into this system as a silicone-free, mineral oil-based defoamer containing hydrophobic solids. Its function is to rupture macrofoam through the migration of low-surface-energy oil droplets into foam films, where embedded hydrophobic particles bridge the film lamellae and accelerate drainage. The dispersed oil phase must remain incompatible enough to disrupt foam but compatible enough to avoid visible oil separation in the dried adhesive film.
Published data for high-speed slot-die application of this configuration is limited; mill trials therefore use 0.1–0.3 wt% starting levels based on total formulation, with incremental adjustment to 0.5 wt% only when foam persists after 24 h of batch ageing. The product is not intended to correct air entrainment caused by a damaged rotary lobe pump shaft seal or a cavitating centrifugal transfer pump; mechanical leak sources should be eliminated independently because defoamer addition cannot control continuous air ingestion.
A waterborne VOC-free adhesive formulated from acrylic or vinyl acetate-ethylene dispersions contains anionic and nonionic emulsifiers, protective colloids, and associative thickeners. These components generate both macrofoam and microfoam during high-shear compounding, drum filling, and recirculation. Macrofoam is visible at the surface and can be controlled by defoamer droplets; microfoam remains dispersed in the wet film and appears as pinholing after drying. BYK-016 is directed primarily at macrofoam and moderate microfoam, not sub-micron entrained air stabilised by very small micelles. In laboratory evaluations using a high-shear mixer at 2,500 rpm for 5 min, foam height is recorded immediately after mixing and after 20 min of quiescent storage. A defoamer is considered efficient when the foam volume is reduced by at least 60% relative to an untreated control. Specific comparative data for BYK-016 in this exact protocol is available from supplier application laboratories; published data for this specific configuration is limited.
The recommended addition level is 0.1–0.5 wt% on total formulation. The lower limit applies to low-surfactant acrylic dispersions, while the upper limit is reserved for high-surfactant vinyl acetate-ethylene systems or formulations containing wetting agents with low dynamic surface tension. The product is added after polymer letdown but before final thickening adjustment because pre-thickening addition can raise viscosity through adsorption of aqueous surfactant onto hydrophobic particles. Addition to a finished high-viscosity batch is possible only when a low-shear paddle agitator at 200–300 rpm can maintain bulk turnover without creating a free vortex.
Because BYK-016 is a hydrophobic mineral oil dispersion, it can interact with associative thickeners and hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethane thickeners. These interactions are formulation-specific. In a 0.5 wt% hydroxyethyl cellulose-thickened vinyl acetate-ethylene adhesive, adding the defoamer before final thickening typically gives better foam control than adding it after the thickener; addition after thickener may produce transient viscosity reduction due to surfactant displacement at the thickener–latex interface. In contrast, in a polyurethane thickener system, addition after thickening is preferred to avoid creating oil-rich aggregates. These processing choices are not cosmetic; they influence final Brookfield viscosity measured at 20 rpm with a No. 6 spindle at 25 °C. Batch-to-batch variance in surfactant content can shift the performance threshold by ±0.1 wt%, so a fixed addition may fail when the same adhesive is manufactured with a different wetting agent.
Physical and batch acceptance data are drawn from supplier technical documentation. Formulators should verify each parameter against the Certificate of Analysis because mineral oil feedstock viscosity can vary by source and refining method.
| Parameter | Test designation | Typical control range |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Visual inspection | Opaque amber liquid, no free oil |
| Density at 20 °C | ISO 2811-1:2023 | 0.85–0.89 g/cm³ |
| Non-volatile content | ISO 3251:2019, 2 h at 105 °C | ≥ 98% by weight |
| Flash point | ISO 2719:2019 | > 100 °C |
| VOC content | ASTM D 6886-18 or ISO 11890-2:2020 | < 1% w/w |
Store between 5 °C and 35 °C. Partial freezing below 0 °C can separate the hydrophobic solid phase. If separation occurs, homogenise at 20–25 °C before use, but do not use a high-shear rotor-stator mixer because it may comminute the hydrophobic particles and reduce defoaming efficiency. Avoid storage in direct sunlight or in unlined carbon steel vessels; mineral oil can solubilise residual organic contaminants from reused containers and introduce surface defects.
At addition levels above 0.5 wt%, mineral oil can separate into a continuous hydrophobic film at the adhesive–air interface. In laminating applications this may reduce adhesion to corona-treated polyethylene terephthalate film when measured by 180° peel testing according to ASTM D 903-98. The observed failure mode is not cohesive; it is interfacial, caused by a boundary layer of mineral oil. Haze also increases because oil droplets larger than the wavelength of visible light scatter in a dried film measured at 100 µm dry thickness. In clear-film applications, even 0.2 wt% can raise haze by a measurable amount when evaluated against ASTM D 1003. A 50 µm Mayer rod drawdown over black glass reveals this change more readily than a standard white opacity chart.
Further, over-dosing can reduce shear stability of the wet adhesive during recirculation. In a closed-loop gravure coating pan, mineral oil can accumulate at the surface of the return trough and form droplets that transfer to the engraved cylinder; the pattern becomes irregular on the web. This is a processing boundary, not a product deficiency. Defoamer concentration should be adjusted by drawdown inspection or surface-tension measurement before line speed is increased. The product is not recommended for formulations requiring high optical clarity in thin films below 25 µm dry thickness, nor for radiation-curable systems where mineral oil can interfere with surface cure.
In high-surfactant adhesives, defoamer demand may increase after the first 4–6 h of recirculation because pump shear depletes the hydrophobic solid particles. A split-addition strategy is therefore preferred: 70% of the target dose is added during letdown, and the remaining 30% is added after 4 h of recirculation. This approach reduces the risk of over-dosing during the initial high-foam phase and maintains defoaming persistence without exceeding the 0.5 wt% upper boundary.
BYK-016 differs from emulsion defoamers because the carrier is not water and the product does not require preservation against microbial growth. This simplifies storage, but it also means the product must be incorporated with sufficient mechanical distribution. A low-shear paddle agitator at 300 rpm is usually adequate for a 1,000 kg batch if the addition is slow and the mixing time is 10–15 min. High-shear dispersion is not required and can reduce defoaming effectiveness. The product is added as a single-phase liquid; however, it is not a molecular defoamer and should not be pre-diluted with water because dilution can destabilise the hydrophobic solid dispersion and create a non-homogeneous dosage stream.
On a production adhesive line with a 25 L drum transfer through a progressive cavity pump at 0.5 L/min, BYK-016 addition at 0.3 wt% can reduce foam layer height significantly; however, published data for this specific configuration is limited and the result should be confirmed in the same shear environment. The incorporation point should be located in the letdown tank rather than in the pump suction line, because concentrated defoamer drawn into the pump can create an oil-rich slip layer and reduce pumping efficiency.
Differentiation against silicone-based defoamers is governed by a trade-off between defoaming power and surface defect risk. Silicone-containing defoamers often show faster macrofoam collapse per unit mass and lower addition levels, but they can generate fisheyes, reduce recoatability, and create interlayer adhesion loss in multilayer laminates. BYK-016, being silicone-free, is selected where the adhesive must be printed, overcoated, or corona-treated after coating. Compared with polyether-siloxane molecular defoamers, which act partly by surface tension reduction, BYK-016 acts primarily by an oil/hydrophobic solid bridging mechanism; it is more efficient against thick, stable macrofoam but less effective against microfoam in clear films. The choice therefore depends on the failure mode: if visible foam in the coating pan is the bottleneck, mineral oil chemistry is selected; if pinholing after drying is the primary defect, a siloxane or polyether-siloxane grade may be preferable.
For adhesive systems intended for food-contact applications, compliance must be established by the formulator against 21 CFR 175.105 or equivalent national positive lists. BYK-016 is a mineral oil-based preparation and its individual components must be verified within the applicable regulatory framework before commercial use. The product is not intended for solventborne adhesives or for moisture-curing systems where water-free operation is required.
